Casablanca

We see that, in many instances, the development in the young students is enhanced by their capacity to determine in different poetry or prose the values they admire personally. As Perry says in a supreme moment quoting Thoreau, "I went on the woods simply because I wanted to live deliberately. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life" (Weir, 1989). We see that the film conveys the message that if one doesn't hold his or her very own importance system, then a single risks not incredibly obtaining lived or living a life according to what others want. We see this in much more quotes read by Perry, "To put to rout all that was not life; and not, as soon as I had arrive to die, find that I had not lived" (Weir, 1989). The film's message also clearly conveys the value of poetry for inspiring our very own development of values.

All of the students' lives are enhanced by poetry from the movie, but to different degrees and purposes. For instance, Knox Overstreet is really a newcomer and inexperienced. He uses poetry in order to impress girls he likes. The boys are inspired by their unorthodox professor John Keating, a man who views poetry as the key to life. As he tells his students, "No matter what anybody tells you, words and ideas can alter the world" (Weir, 1989). Brief quotations in the film of poems from writers like Alfred Lord Tennyson and Walt Whitman are used to reinforce this message. Keating makes reference to one of Whitman's more famous poems about Abraham Lincoln after he introduces himself in the following: "You can call me Mr. Keating - or Captain, my Captain if you are far more of the romantic" (Weir, 1989). The boys join a secret underground poetry reading club named the "Dead Poet's Society," founded by Keating many years earlier as soon as he attended the exact same school.

"Dead Poet's Society" clearly sends the message that maintaining one's individual significance system is instrumental in living a life of fulfillment that's meaningful on a own level. Failure to accomplish so usually leads a single to unhappiness or worse, as could be the situation with Neil Perry, who can't live a life of misery to please his father. Poetry is applied as the vehicle through which we find our own voice and develop our very own values that should be maintained to discover personal meaning and fulfillment in existence.

A big part on the message in the poems inside the film ties into the message on the film that 1 is wasting his or her life is he or she does not seize the moment and live genuinely. Keating quotes Thoreau inside a way that reinforces this factor to his students, "Thoreau said, 'Most men lead lives of quiet desperation.' Do not be resigned to that. Break out" (Weir, 1989)! It's this attitude that's formulated by using poetry to find one's unique voice and value method after which rigorously maintaining it via our life choices.

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Women Seeking Economic Equality in the Work Place

In 1960 the higher-level professional and managerial jobs had been held by men; only six percent of the new lawyers, physicians, and doctoral degree recipients were women (Fuchs, 1988, p. 14). Women have been mainly homemakers of the little number of full-time female workers becoming comparatively well-educated and/or trained and serving inside the traditional roles of teacher, nurse, administrative assistants/clerical. In addition, many women with older youngsters worked part-time to help with the mortgage and expenses of raising teenagers. This case had occur about due to women becoming literally pushed back into the residence at the end of World Tar II to offer job opportunities to your returning veterans.

The variety of part-time female workers expanded inside 1960s seventies even though the quantity of younger women (25-44) in full-time positions began to grow. This trend was followed by the return towards the labor force from the married woman with little ones (under age six) at home. In 1960, fewer than a single in 5 work have been held by these young mothers, but by 1986, one in 2 had a paid task (Fuchs, 1988, p. 13). Overall, in 1960 only thirty-five percent of women (ages 16 and over) held paid jobs, but by 1986 this figure had grown to fifty-one percent (Fuchs, 1988, p. ii).

The biggest barrier to economic equality for women is children. Therefore, Victor R. Fuchs, in his book entitled Women's Quest for Economic Equality, argues how the finest way to aid women is via their little ones (1988, p. 147). The establishing of child-centered policies on federal and state levels and inside private sector do not only aid kids and mothers but society like a whole. These need to be policies that aid mothers unconditionally including a baby allowance financed by a proportional tax. The require is there to protect the fragility of today's family members life although helping the country's floundering economy and this approaches giving women the assist they must meet the wants of each employment and family.

The social costs to these gains, however, may well not be as bright for your 1990s. In 1960 most women and men ages 25-44 lived in what was described as the conventional household. Married, the couple had at least one infant as well as the man worked although the woman stayed residence and took care on the household and house. Even though it appeared each role was equal in what it brought to the marriage, the husband typically damaging much more manage over major decisions and enjoyed a higher degree of freedom (Fuchs, 1988, p. 73). A lot of the man's manage was also sanctioned by religion and enforced by law.

The trend shows that women have gotten much more serious about working and most are taking much less time off to raise children. Now, thirty percent of working women are managers or professionals, the exact same as with men although the variety of women in conventional program work are falling (Nasar, 1990). And, from the prediction that there is going to be a labor short fall inside 1990s, women will comprise half of that scarce commodity and most are going to be well-educated mothers who plan to continue working.

 

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Johnson & Johnson

The after chart illustrates that the modern day ratio has remained fairly stable at between 1.58 and 1.83 during the period in question, indicating that the company is maintaining a strategy of relative liquidity. The decline from 1991 to 1992 could indicate how the company is taking on an excessive amount of short-term debt; this measures must be carefully monitored in 1993. Of feasible higher concern will be the simple fact that Johnson & Johnson's current ratio is well below that on the marketplace like a whole. This implies that firms operating inside same environment as Johnson & Johnson have a more competitive liquid position and may be much better able to take advantage of marketplace opportunities.

Leverage ratios measure the level to which financing is obtained from creditors as opposed to provided by owners. Right here chart illustrates 3 key leverage ratios for Johnson and Johnson from 1990 through 1992. The debt to equity ratio measures total debts divided by equity, and is really a measure of regardless of whether the company obtains the bulk of its dollars from creditors or from owners. The remaining 2 ratios, modern day liability to equity and long-term debt to equity, break the first ratio down into its part short-term and long-term parts. Johnson & Johnson has a strong reliance on each short-term and long-term debt; each have elevated more than 1990 - 1992. The business was in a position to reduce its debt as The world wide web profit margin is particularly telling for Johnson & Johnson, however.

Even though gross margin remained relatively steady, world-wide-web margin elevated from 7.5 percent in 1990 to 10.2 percent in 1992, as well as the 1992 figure was down over 1.5 things from 1991. This means how the business was in a position to realize efficiency gains elsewhere from the organization that enabled it to squeeze far more growth from its performance.

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Marketing Plan for Starbucks

The Business also supplies institutional accounts with coffee and coffee-making equipment. Starbucks also operates a national mail order program inside United States, as well as the Business participates in numerous joint ventures, for example the a single with PepsiCo to develop and market a coffee-based soft-drink beverage, Frappuccino, that is certainly a low-fat coffee beverage, and also the one with Dreyer's, which produces and markets a line of coffee ice creams.

Starbucks also exploited an opportunity to market far more merchandise to the Company's core coffee consumers. The Company's retail stores now sell many food goods ? cookies, doughnuts, muffins, and more. The beverage list has been expanded beyond coffee to include teas, organic milk, ginger ale, and soy-based drinks. The stores also stock for sale merchandise such as coffee-preparation equipment and supplies, seasonal products, and games. Some stores also permit clients to pay for and download recorded music (Holmes, Bennett, Carlisle, & Dawson, 2002).

Non-beverage goods accounted for approximately 16 percent of total revenues at Starbucks in 2004 (Starbucks Corporation, 2005). Specialty sales increased 19 percent in 2004 more than the level of 2003.

Starbucks also offers consumers in quite a few from the Company's North American and European retail coffee shops access to high-speed wireless Internet.

 

Starbucks coffees aren't during the necessity category. The selling of Starbucks prepared coffee solutions being a way of life product, however, allows clients to place a higher importance over a utility of Starbucks prepared coffees than they assign to a cup of coffee accessible at a vending machine or even a cup of coffee prepared at home or during the office. Like a lifestyle item plus a merchandise that shoppers perceive as attaching some degree of social prestige to themselves to be witnessed to take in the product, Starbucks prepared coffees are characterized by a relatively low level of cost elasticity of demand.

Starbucks conducts provide operations and roasting operations in Guatemala, Los Angeles, Portland, Oregon, and Federal Way, Washington. The business conducts retail sales operations in almost every city of any size in North America (which are located in all but eight states). Further, retail sales operations are currently located in Europe and Asia, with plans, as mentioned earlier, for significant increases inside variety of retail websites in each global regions.

The business owns 139 from the 201 coffee houses operating at the close of fiscal year 2001. The remaining 62 coffee houses have been franchise operations.

Starbucks is an American business that provides it core merchandise - coffee - prepared numerous ways. Most coffee offerings are espresso-based. The Company's product, however, are over just coffee (or any other beverage). Starbucks is a cultural icon that purports to sell coffee primarily, but some observers feel that coffee is merely a stalking horse and that after the stalking horse is the marketing of the cultural phenomenon (Jung, 2002). Jung (2002) contends how the company is promotion the "Starbucks experience" (p. 1). The "Starbucks experience" is really a surrogate living room where consumers the business attempts to instill what Starbucks executives refer to like a "club mentality" (Jung, 2002, p. 1).

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Uncovering Hidden Organizational Problems

Gibson, Ivancevich and Donnelly in Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes suggest how the most basic measure of effectiveness involves person effectiveness. If a critical amount of employees are ineffective, it is unlikely how the business is also either effective or successful (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, 24).

Companies have an obligation to address this hidden problem. This may perhaps require the HR department to create far more comprehensive performance review tools for use by managers and supervisors. It can be as easy as forcing managers to rank their subordinates from strongest to weakest to reinforce the notion that employees are not each productive. Once managers realize you will find performance differences between employees, it becomes possible for them to address performance shortfalls. By addressing these shortfalls, supervisors are forced to confront a single in the much less obvious issues in quite a few firms that's that unless corporations recognize and reward their greatest performers, those are most likely to leave. The objective becomes to spot the difficulty and consume the necessary steps to direct every employee toward additional highly effective work performance.

Gibson, Ivancevich and Donnelly write that part on the method of eliciting the desired behavior from employees involves disciplining employees for inappropriate behavior or unsatisfactory work performance. Punishment can variety in severity. Choices obtainable to supervisors usually include verbal warnings, written warnings, final warnings, suspension or termination. A single hidden and serious difficulty involves the simple fact that some supervisors overreact to performance or behavior problems, and others fail to react appropriately by under-reacting. A important amount of supervisors have an aversion to confrontation, and try to ignore inappropriate behavior and/or substandard performance. Thus, all visible causes suggest that you will find no personnel related difficulties as soon as in reality you will find serious difficulties that are getting deliberately ignored in an attempt to avoid confrontation (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, 252).

Gibson, Ivancevich, and Donnelly explain that norms are the standards of behavior shared by members of the group, a department, or even an entire company. 1 in the hidden difficulties in some businesses will be the simple fact that the norms of behavior shared by its employees are inappropriate. Look at a scenario wherever the jobs environment is hostile to women or minorities. Management lends its tacit support to this sort of discrimination by turning a blind eye towards the behavior until and unless an individual files a grievance or initiates a lawsuit. The outward signs of this type of dysfunctional company do not suggest any serious problems.

 

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Japanese Society

The formation on the property offers an example of this forming of groups according to frame; members may possibly have many attributes. This structure is viewed by the author as summing up the principles of Japanese social group structure. For Japan, the traditional structure is found despite changes in social organization.

This chapter also presents the topics of emotional participation and one-to-one relationships. Though the groups can be structured because of frame, they are strengthened using a feeling of oneness. Japanese group characteristics are one-to-one, having a "single loyalty" (p. 21). Japanese persons might be members of more than A single group but they're clear when it comes to which group is preferred. That is numerous within the Chinese society where individuals do not distinguish among the value of groups. The Japanese pride themselves on serving only one master or group.

Chapter Two, "The Internal Structure from the Group," presents ranking, vertical organization, leader qualifications and interpersonal relations, and the role on the group member. Groups tend to share a popular structure, with group members tied vertically (superior-inferior) inside a ranking order. The Japanese are of a vertical orientation to this kind of a degree that "even a set of individuals sharing identical qualifications tend to build a difference among themselves" (p. 25). Thus ranking is reinforced. This consciousness is discovered between official and nonofficial gro

 

Chapter Three, "The Overall Structure of the Society" once again points out that the Japanese society is of vertical stratification by institution or group, rather than of horizontal stratification by class. Ranking hierarchy is established in each field and provides order that continues regardless of ups and downs in many circumstances. Men and women are ranked and institutions are ranked. For example, top-ranking organizations or schools carry the greatest prestige and there's only 1 at the top. As soon as a rank is determined, it is maintained despite economic loss.

ups. The elder is ranked greater than the younger and this seniority is observed in all circumstances. Leadership is in accordance with position rather than personality, however, strong individual ties between the leader as well as the subordinates is the basis of the powerful leader. The role on a group member just isn't necessarily based on rank. Roles are adjustable in changing situations. With this attitude in mind, the Japanese would be "surprised in the west by the rejection in the smaller request by someone who sits right after for the a single with whom they are supposed to deal, but who is busy or absent at the time . . . saying it was not his job" (p. 82).

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Ethical Issues: The Tenure of Al Dunlap at Sunbeam Corporation

Dunlap's management fee for accomplishing this kind of result would run to $100 million or so. The Sunbeam project ran additional or a smaller amount genuine to form in between July 1996 and March 1998:

1. Sales rose dramatically, owing partly to promotions funded by a 2500% increase in advertising spending.

2. The stock cost of Sunbeam (SOC) rose from $12.50 per share to $53 per share (Lim, 1998).

3. Eighteen of 26 factories had been closed, as had been 43 out of 61 warehouses. A decentralized regional five-headquarters procedure was consolidated into one headquarters location, in Delray Beach, Florida (Marchetti, 1998).

4. Out of 12,000 employees, 6,000 had been laid off, such as most of Sunbeam's senior managers, who have been replaced by "a team of indefatigable Dunlap disciples" motivated by stock options, not bonuses or raises (Sellers, 1998).

5. Some new products have been introduced, and other merchandise have been discontinued. In September 1997, Sunbeam reported $150 million in sales. That was also as soon as Dunlap's book, Mean Business: How I Save Adverse Firms and Make Excellent Corporations Very good was published by Simon & Schuster and was getting promoted by Dunlap.

By March 1998, Dunlap's performance at Sunbeam was becoming lauded. Against expectations that he might be recruited for the following turnaround, he signed a new three-year contract as CEO and announced that he would build Sunbeam into a consumer-durables giant grossing $2 billion a year.

 

Vidueira, J. (1998, October 23). What is next for Sunbeam following restated earnings? South Florida Company Journal, 19, 10A.

The stakeholders inside Sunbeam downsizing-and-turnaround case have been around all Sunbeam's directors, managers, and employees. Additional stakeholders included the securities market as well as the community of investors, each person and institutional. The sharp decline in shareholder importance since 1998 (Sunbeam's stock traded at much less than $1 per share for most of 2000) items to capacity harm for the integrity of the securities market and to true harm suffered by investors, including modern-day and former employees who may possibly have relied at least in component on a value of Sunbeam's stock for their retirement planning needs. A single could say that Dunlap and his team were also stakeholders , but the impact with the Dunlap tenure at the company set rather differently on that group than on the others.

Still a smaller amount does Dunlap seem to get entertained the idea that corporate restructuring occurs in a bigger moral-ethical context. In Deuteronomy, Moses warns the Israelites against the dangers of prosperity, cautioning them against the view that "it is my own power as well as the strength of my unique hand that has obtained for me this wealth." Forgetting the Lord's hand from the procedure may mean the experience of cosmic justice, this kind of that the wealthy will "perish utterly" (Deut. 8:17, 19). Similar sentiments are found in Proverbs:

Marchetti, M. (1998, January). Dog consume dog world. Sales & Advertising Management, 150, 46-50.

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Importance of Quality Control System

Maintenance of an company's consumer is made of only one advantage associated with improved upon levels of quality. Economic balance may be anticipated to improve along with productiveness as level of superior amounts go up. Improved customer happiness is actually both the speediest and also the best path to greater client maintenance, and, withinside the The nineteen nineties, better item level of superior is actually both fastest and the simplest way to construct consumer fulfillment amounts . Improved high top good excellent costs a company money in the actual short term.

Inside longrun, nonetheless, increasing level of superior creates greater financial efficiency for an organization. Poor quality signifies weak financial performance in the longrun. Therefore, expenses in internal control should not be looked at through a business because some type of addon price. Rather, this kind of expenditures is highly recommended through a business because integral manufacturing costswhether the merchandise becoming created is an excellent, such as the producing business, or a service, as in a health health care delivery organization.

Return on investment has been found being more any operate of product level of superior compared to of cost, regardless of the type of activitymanufacturing, service, etc. Level of superior management is really a probable notion regarding setup Literature tightly related to the problem that looked into with this a matched entity, instead of a number of separate fiefdoms. functionality on the required level.

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Bezos

Economic Reasons Involved in Diversification

There are quite a few economic causes which aid determine what sort of diversification is right to your company, and even regardless of whether a company ought to diversify. Businesses which are undergoing a high degree of success are much less almost certainly to think about diversification than people corporations which are struggling and which might be experience a decline in their marketplace share. These corporations are probably to consider additional opportunities through diversification (Bruton, Oviatt & White, 1994, p. 975).

Mergers and acquisitions are a time-proven technique for corporations to gain access to markets, to improve their provide industry share, and to implement economies of scale. For some companies, mergers and acquisitions provide diversification of risk as the corporations are in a position to enter markets in which they did not previously compete and where the risks are a variety of within the company's main (core) firm segments. In this way, larger corporations can withstand shocks to one firm segment which may well pose significant difficulties to smaller competitors.

Cadbury Schweppes produces the Schweppes and Canada Dry lines of carbonated and fruit-flavored beverages along with A & W Brands of carbonated products, Sunkist products, Crush products, Hires Root Beer and Mott's apple juice and apple sauce. In March 1995, CADBY acquired the remaining shares in the American company Dr. Pepper/Seven Up for $1.7 billion (the company had a 25 percent stake in Dr. Pepper previous to the acquisition). This boosts Cadbury's American soft drink market share to approximately 17 percent (Levy, 1996, p. 3388E).

 

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Accounting and Advanced Technology

The introduction of high-tech into the manufacturing process, and also the adoption in the JIT method to manufacturing management every demand radical changes in cost accounting procedures and ways for manufacturing firms. The combined introduction of high-tech and implementation of JIT accelerates the introduction of price accounting changes. There is, thus, made a new price accounting environment which need to be effectively addressed by the auditor.

The new cost accounting environment, together with right responses from auditing, are addressed in this research. During the right after section, background information on management accounting and cost accounting are discussed. This discussion is followed by a brief description of changes introduced into American manufacturing, which, in turn, dictate changes in conventional techniques to managerial and price accounting. Right here discussion examines the major changes in price accounting procedures which need to be addressed by the auditing profession, while the final discussion considers proper responses from the profession.

Financial accounting is concerned with recording the actual financial activities of an organization, while conventional managerial accounting is concerned from the discovery of

In response to the actions by the Japanese automobile manufacturers, the American automobile manufacturers implemented a massive method to convert their production facilities and processes to "highly automated, state from the art" operations that would "put the Japanese to shame" (Mitchell, 1986, p. 103). The actions taken by the American automobile manufacturers were intended not only to catch-up with the Japanese manufacturers, but to definitely restore a comparative advantage towards the American automobile manufacturing industry.

Attempts to use an "all-encompassing product or service standard." instead of the development of regular prices for each particular solution (Calvasina, & Calvasina, 1984, pp. 50-51). For normal price systems to become truly effective, it is significant to preserve "product integrity" in their development (Jordan, 1984., p. 39).

The materials mix. The materials mix determines how a lot of each specific material ought to be used within the production process. When the materials mix is departed from inside the production process, it is most likely that variances in between genuine and regular costs will start to appear. Changes inside materials mix could be caused either by management or at the production level, in an attempt to increase the product, or for some other apparently worthwhile reason. Though this kind of changes may be supportable, it is important that they also be reflected in typical costs.

Accounting Approach

These groups include stockholders, creditors, regulatory agencies and government tax departments. These types of reports are usually called external financial reports, and the preparation of these reports is standardized throughout the business world.

The primary focus on managerial accounting, therefore, is on supplying information for internal decision making. This implies that the management accountant has more flexibility than the financial accounting since a management accountant's only constraint is to balance usefulness and cost. There are no "generally accepted management accounting principles", as there are financial accounting principles, to govern the actions of the managerial accountant.

The key managerial function is that of decision making. The financial well-being of a company depends directly on the quality of the decisions made by its managers. Financial information is a primary factor in the ability of managers to make good decisions, and so accounting, both financial and managerial, come into importance when discussing a company's ability to make decisions.

Management accounting typically includes the following tasks: cost determination, cost control, performance evaluation and provision of financial information for planning and other decision making purposes. Cost determinatio

It is the managerial accountant's responsibility, for example, to provide information to management regarding taxes, tariffs and other costs associated with doing business in today's global economy. Shipping and transportation costs, currency fluctuations and their effects on cost analysis and costs associated with overseas production are also the responsibility of the managerial accountant to report to management. The management of the company can then determine what steps are appropriate to take in order to maximize the company's financial performance.

n is important for financial reporting, such as for inventory valuation and cost of goods sold, as well as for managerial functions. Since the actual cost data from a basic input (the financial records of an organization) becomes an input to the management planning and control process, it is essential that a managerial accountant should have a clear understanding of the various cost elements involved.

The proposed Clinton healthcare program would insure all Americans, presumably by increasing the burden to companies; this potential cost must be factored in by managerial accountants seeking to provide their employers with the most up-to-date information about possible relocation of operations.

The recent focus on health care in the United States also contains hidden costs that managerial accountants must take care to include in their reports to management. The insurance premiums that many American companies pay for their workers must be taken into account when considering labor charges for products; at the same time, if the company is considering moving production overseas, the healthcare aspect must be accounted for in the new location. Either the company will not have to pay healthcare costs and will leave its workers uninsured, or some other type of insurance (such as government-sponsored subsidies) will cover the employees.

Key to the success of the managerial accountant in the 1990s global mark

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Heavy Metal Music History

The groupies supply the members from the band with "sexual services" both ahead of and following the concert (Weinstein 67), so they act out in reality what the band members depict in stylized type on stage. Weinstein (228) things out that just before MTV became popular, groupies usually wore "micromini skirts, fishnet stockings, and spiked heels," but now that the exact same glimpse "is a popular selection for female headbangers...only a small fraction of individuals who may appear like groupies quite are." Groupies are "not appreciated" by the sleep from the audience, simply because they've specific access towards the musicians that no one else is in a position to invest in and men specifically think that access is " 'unfair,' even if they can identify from the recipient with the groupie's favors" (Weinstein 228). Forrest elements out that books about metal bands, such as Hammer from the Gods, "treat groupies as being a punch line to a by no means ending joke that only the boys are in on," and "the well-known media tends to supply groupies as sexually indiscriminate, submissive, mentally ill, and taken advantage of." Groupies had been component of or instigated "wild backstage parties, outrageous hotel antics, and drug use," lending for the "construction in the persona with the male metal rock musician as wild, sexually potent, powerful, and poignant" (Forrest). Groupies are "commemorated in lyrics and on videos...Not only passive, they are also one-dimensional. They epitomize, as the metal subculture often does, tendencies that characterize rock culture additional generally" (Weinstein 67).

Portrayal of women and men in heavy metal video

Women in heavy metal video are characterized largely as sex objects and are rarely given names (Weinstein 67). Reddick and Beresin factor out how the portrayal of women within the videos as "medieval sex slaves" coupled from the heavy metal themes that "tend toward alienation, person mental confusion, and hopelessness" draw concern within the possibility that these videos may possibly influence adolescent female listeners toward depression and suicide, especially "given the poor self-esteem that seems probably to accompany membership in this group." Men, on the other hand, are portrayed as being incredibly sexually successful with women and as dominating them.

Heavy metal music's strong gender and sexuality dimensions produce a context exactly where men and women are every represented in it and experience it differently. Groupies are the prostitutes of heavy metal music. Though they appreciate the advantage of access to the musicians, they're also treated and viewed as becoming utilized for sex. The sexual exploitation of groupies brings into reality the advised sexual exploitation depicted inside the videos. The portrayal of individuals in heavy metal videos is notable first of all to your physical perfection on the stars, that may be all but a requisite for success in the heavy metal genre. Every gender is depicted differently, from the women portrayed serving men sexually inside a nameless identity though the men portrayed as sexually successful and dominating the women. Gender roles are stereotyped, in the men becoming far more aggressive and adventuresome and the women being additional dependent and nurturing, in addition to more sexually receptive. Moreover, the gender roles are constructed instead of natural and therefore susceptible to manipulation.

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The Concerto for Violin and Orchestra Performance

After the composer's name comes up in discussions and analyses today, it is typically in connection with his several and lyrical canon, primarily paying attention on the him as the composer of "instrumental concerti and also the vivid scores for the ballets Gayne and Spartacus (the former for instance the brilliant 'Sabre Dance'), his output also encompassed symphonies along with other works for orchestra, film and theater music, works for band, [and] chamber music."

The Concerto for Violin And Orchestra

Dedicated towards the violin master David Oistrakh, who had also had concertos by Shostakovich dedicated to him, the Concerto is 1 of Aram Khatchaturian's most controlled and dynamic pieces. Within the Concerto, we see most in the influences on his musical career to date, and they're varied in force and character, at as soon as eruptive or propulsive, massive or tenuous, obvious or subtle, over or below ground. It would be wrong to see Khatchaturian's Concerto in isolation from what came before. During the Concerto, we see Khatchaturian's combined triple qualifications -- spiritual, emotional, and expressional--in the most noblest and intense form, secures his indisputable supremacy.

In the opening measures, 1 dominant theme is recommended in the introduction (m-66) exactly where we see a mildly amusing rondo that is certainly a major subset on the whole-tone and octatonic scales that Khatchaturian had relied on in his ea

An appearance of the second theme in a motet-like type speaks to his roots and passions of his Armenian-generated childhood, when he was awed and moved by the mugam melodies with the wandering minstrels. In the appearance from the second theme (m-70 seq) we sense why Khatchaturian chose the "Concerto" form for this exercise. It's recalled how the Italian "Concertare" approaches "to agree" only after a dispute. In current musicology, the term suggests the coming together of disparities, and in this situation it is the Violin and the Orchestra, every 1 represented structurally by a theme.

In particular one need to observe how the Concerto is constructed based on 3 particular 'Modes' and is subject to all of the specific requirements of this mode." This kind of composition is improvisational in nature and during the opening parts on the concerto, there's a freedom and a fantasy that suggests the mythic qualities on the music. However, in the entire piece, the notion of improvisation is not quite an accurate one, mainly because the artistic imagination of the performers is in accordance with a strict foundation of principles determined by the respective mode. And in this, Khachaturian and Oistrakh became as one.

Yuzefovich, V.A. (1985), Aram Khachaturian: A Biography (Translated by Nicholas Kournokoff) .London: Sphinx Press

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Old and New Social Movements Essay Sample

Social movements have arisen during the last two centuries in response to genuine and perceived injustices to groups of people. There are many instances where large numbers of individuals have more than time bonded together inside a popular belief and come together to jointly press for their cause, sometimes with startling results. In most cases these movements were geographically localised and have taken significant time to evolve into cohesive and powerful social improve agents. Nevertheless, they've been instrumental in bringing about crucial and frequent change and have been used to reduce inequality, diminish oppression and radically enhance the social conditions of unfortunate people. Charismatic leaders have usually played key roles in organizing quite a few of these movements, though others were collectively led and were in a position to further their objectives, even with changing leadership. Numerous of these movements, which originated in the second half in the nineteenth century, dealt with modern difficulties like the working problems of labor, and freedom from colonial rule.

The Indian independence movement, which commenced inside the late 1800s consolidated itself only after Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1910 and took more than its control. The non violent movement for India’s independence took almost forty years to achieve its objective of freeing India within the British. To a certain extent, the labor movement as well as the socialist movement with the late nineteenth century served to act as prototypes of social movements and set the trend for many this sort of collective claim based campaigns; which were to flourish later, inside early twentieth century.
Post war industrialisation and the advent of capitalism, as well as far more efficient long distance communication almost freed social movements from geographic localisation. Several of these movements, e.g., the many ecology movements, the feminist movement, and of course the Islamic movement which arose following the mid sixties, became pan global in their spread and appeal, The emergence of new social movements also initiated a debate among social scientists on the several facets of old and new social movements, as also their spread and effectiveness as vehicles of social and political change.
It will be the objective of this essay to examine the tenets of the old and new social movements, try to realize the things of difference and the challenges which the new movements are placing upon the old. The researcher has tried to entry the whole lot of literature accessible on a subject utilizing on the net libraries like Questia and other offered sources.
2. Social Movements, Sorts and Theories
A social movement can be described like a combination of shared ideas, visions and thoughts which bring about collective and democratized action to trigger adjust in patterns of social life, much more always via informal and non-governmental methods. Charles Tilly, (2004) in his book contends that a social movement must have 3 essential elements.
• Campaigns, which consist of sustained and organised public work and make collective claims on specified authorities
• Social Movement Repertoire, which include a combination of several types of confrontative political action like public meetings, processions, rallies, demonstrations, media awareness and others
• WUNC Displays, namely the public portrayal on the participants’ worthiness, unity, numbers and commitment
Most social movements do have a tendency for getting all of the above items in sufficient measure. Social movements are of comparatively recent origin along with a scouring with the histories on the globe doesn't give evidence of this kind of movements even in late medieval or post medieval times. Almost certainly the peasants revolution in England of 1384 could qualify being named a social movement, specially as a result of its cause of social justice.
The principal call from the peasant rebels was to your abolition of serfdom. This was because, mainly because the middle from the century, their lords had prevented them from doing probably the most on the changing economic conditions. Visitations in the plague due to the fact 1348/9 had reduced the population by between a third along with a half. Like a result, labour became additional scarce, wages rose and also the economy started out to suit the peasant over it suited the landowner. However, the landowners of Parliament legislated to hold wages low and to restrict the free movement of serfs. (Hobbs, 2000)
Nevertheless, social movements started globally only from the late nineteenth century as the program of urbanisation led to social interaction on very big scales among individuals who had similar objectives and goals, which in turn led to corporation as well as the genesis of collective effort. The spread of education as well as the creation of universities brought quite a few young people together and enabled them to meet and collectively form opinion groups, which helped from the creation of social movements. The system of democratization provided an environment of freedom of expression, and contentious issues have been taken up for discussion and action, as persons observed that they could keep their individual opinions and speak about them with no fear.
Social scientists speak of several forms of social movement. Movements can differ in scope as well as the type of transform they would like to usher in, have diverse target audiences in addition to a variety of ways of work. Each reform and radical movements have ushered in change, and although some movements have tried to bring in innovation, others have tried to preserve old value systems intact. Some movements like Mohandas Gandhi’s movement for Indian independence, despite getting entirely non-violent, have achieved tremendous success, whereas violent movements like the ones sponsored by Hezbollah have small to show after years of effort, apart from heavy casualties.
Social scientists also refer to a number of theories for social movements. In this respect Sergey Mamay specified four significant ones, which nonetheless appear being incredibly relevant. They may be the collective behaviour theory, the resource mobilisation theory, the action identity method as well as the new social movement.
The collective behaviour theory works on the basic premise that social movements arise only in sick societies. “In general, based on the collective behaviour approach, social movements are the symptom and manifestation of the sick society. A healthy society does not have social movements; it includes a conditional type of political and social participation. (Mamay, 1990) The theory of collective behaviour treats social responses as strains arising out of semi rational responses to abnormal situations, which arise from unhealthy societies. The supporters of this theory feel that healthy societies will not result in problems which will foster social movements; instead they will jobs out mechanisms for participation and corrective action to eliminate social problems. In this kind of societies, strong class or group solidarities prevent manipulation of people.
The resource mobilisation theory is quite positive in its method and postulates that social movements are part of the political program and are “rational and novel responses to new situations and new opportunities in society” (Mamay, 1990) and arise from new opportunities and political resources out there in democratic societies. The Action-Identity theory propounded by Touraine suggests that social movements are natural occurrences and will often serve to renew society, destroy social stagnation and lead to social emancipation. Action-Identity

theorists propound that “class-related social forms of domination are challenged by social movements, which are the main class counter-actors” (Mamay, 1990)
The theory and procedure of new and social movements requirements much more detailed discussion, being central on the principal theme of this essay, and is thus taken up separately.
3. New and Old Social Movements
The old social movements arose many years back, long prior to the modernization of communication as well as the invention from the internet, along with just before the notion in the global village took place. These movements have been typically limited geographically and focused on local issues. Some of these issues, of course, arose from much more universal concerns and it's more than probably that similar movements, unknown to every other had been growing in various parts from the world. These movements worked via forging local alliances that would result in political advantage and had collective political objectives. Examples of old social movements are the trade unions, the suffragists and the like.
Reverting on the Indian war of independence, 1 from the best examples with the old social movement, it is evident that all three of Tilly’s elements, campaigns, social movement repertoire and WUNC displays have been there in full measure. The movement was in a position to gather enormous support, due in large measure for the charisma of Gandhi and grew into a pan Indian movement. It's important to retain in mind that India, then, was an enormously fragmented society with poor communication, several languages, a variety of religions and several political affiliations on the centuries old caste method keeping 25 % in the population out from the pale of humanity.
Despite all these constraints, Gandhi was in a position to build a movement, which drew all these several peoples into one collective force, forge political alliances with several focus groups, organize myriad campaigns and display WUNC on hundreds of occasions. Gandhi’s movement lasted for forty years. It was in a position to generate sufficient pressure over a British to force them to grant India its independence, this in spite of their knowing how the loss of their Indian territories would end their pre-eminent position in the world.
Despite its spectacular success, and the introduction of non-violence and civil disobedience like a unique techniques of protest and an immensely potent political tool, the Indian independence movement stayed restricted from the Indian sub continent. It did not spread to other countries, even even though it strengthened and consolidated in India. Most in the nations in Asia and Africa were then under colonial domination and it would had been regular in today’s post-industrialized society to assume that similar movements would spread all more than Africa and Asia, in line with hat was happening in India.
In India, strong local leaders with Gandhian values and ideology were springing up all more than the country and collectively producing the movement additional formidable with every passing day. Despite the capacity to be utilized elsewhere the movement, however, remained essentially local. Restricted towards Indian sub continent, it did not spread to other countries in Asia and Africa.
The new social movements are basically “post industrialization” in their time frame and refer to several movements that came up in numerous societies, very first within the west and then all more than the globe during the last forty years. They're also significantly several from conventional social movements. Whereas several from the old social movements focused on economic or political issues, like the labor movement or localized freedom movements, the new social movements of these days tend to jobs on the achieving social improve in a a lot more universal context, examples becoming the ecology movements, the feminist movement and the Islamic movement. Most of these movements concentrate on social and lifestyle issues, rather than on public policy or economic advancement.
The main feature of social movements, according to `new social movements' theorists is their anti-state, anti-apparat turn of mind and action. New social movements, as opposed to old social movements, are created by new contradictions of society, contradictions among person and state. `New values' theorists also stress that the condition of economic prosperity and political stability experienced by the post-1945 cohorts inside the West, enable them to de-emphasise material values and lead them to embrace post-materialist values, reflecting `higher' aesthetic, self-realisation, and creative needs. Inglehart's new values are essentially the anti-state contradictions recognized by Habermas. These techniques alter class interests (or transform them) into non-class but `universal human' interests (Mamay, 1990)
The Islamic movement is a stark illustration of the new social movement. The Islamic movement has now spread virtually all over the globe and is fiercely in evidence in almost every nation using a Muslim population, nevertheless large or

 it may perhaps glimpse in a local context. The movement may perhaps have its origins from the nations of west and central Asia and could have arisen due to the Israel factor in the Middle East but is now evident from the USA, most countries of Europe, Africa and Asia. The movement has come to be really global and Muslims in Malaysia, Indonesia, Kerala, Afghanistan, the Gulf countries, the countries with the erstwhile Soviet Union and also the nations of Europe in addition to in UK as well as the USA find well-liked result in in their movement for Islamic solidarity and their perceived wants from the non-Muslim states.

The Islamic movement is thus starkly various from Gandhi’s independence movement. It has been able to transcend local boundaries and smaller national concerns and grow to be a actually global movement, working over a transcontinental basis for your perceived rewards of a very critical portion in the earth’s population.

The old social movements concentrated on economic or political issues. The new social movements nevertheless challenge the old because they seem to transcend localized issues, that are pertinent only tu a specific men and women and numerous of them, e.g., the movements that consume up difficulties of race, gender, ecology and nuclear disaster, preoccupy themselves with areas that deal of the collective great of humanity. Quite obviously, compared to these new developments, the old social movements look being rather limited in scope and appeal along with in their capacity being powerful and universal adjust agents. In fact, the old social movements have in no way taken up the issues mentioned, most likely on a assumption that they have been less crucial than the difficulties at hand.

4. Conclusion

While, prima facie, the new social movements glimpse for getting far more capacity to create frequent and universal social alter than the old movements, this is most likely a quite simplistic way of seeking at things. At the risk of appearing facile, it would be similar to comparing apples and oranges. Social movements have arisen out of the requirements with the times and also the peculiar problems of society, as they did exist, once specific movements gained ground. As Unongo (2003) says,

My argument is that there's a critical trouble in maintaining the old/new distinction as up against considerable analysis, it looks rather tenuous. New social movements have not occurred out of the historical or political vacuum. They are the result of a perceived need to adjust existing social structures, which it need to be remembered have antecedents. Thus problems of racial discrimination in the post-1960s were close to prior to that period, and challenged in numerous forms for example on the ANC against Apartheid in South Africa.

Moreover, the goals that are lobbied for from the ‘new’ model are also predicated on universally applicable values. Thus, environmentalists would like to save the entire world from human destruction; not just their local neighborhood, feminists want equal rights for women globally, not just in their individual nation. And people who are against the proliferation of nuclear weapons seek multilateral, international disarmament, not only the decommissioning of one or 2 nation states. Issues of ‘individualization’ are inexorably connected towards the ‘holistic’ concerns with the old social movements.

It would thus be appropriate to contemplate each the old and new social movements inside a historical and social perspective and acknowledge, using a certain degree of humility, how the world would not have been quite dissimilar during the ages of medievalism, slavery and colonialism, if the old social movements had not taken place.

It is since the old social movements have caused far-reaching social changes and brought in an era of universality that the new social movements are becoming accepted and gaining ground. 

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