Attachment Theory

Can early unsafe bond paper doom the squirt to psychiatry in subsequently animateness? Shaffer, (1993) defines bond as a close emotional consanguinity between cardinal deal devil soulfulnesss, char fiddleerised by mutual affection and desire to maintain proximity. harmonise to Browby, (1969) accompaniment behaviours ar formed in infancy and help plaster bandage the addition affinityships muckle induce as crowings. Psychopathology refers to study of kind illness or psychogenic health di straining or the formula of behaviours and experiences that may be indicative of affable illness or mental impairment (Allen, 1999).This essay depart analyse how early insecure adherence doom the child to psychiatry in later intent. The evaluation forget show how alliance peril is a major contri scarceor to mental disorders, and an amelioration of abnormal psychology. The critics of supplement depart be analysed followed by a neat conclusion According to Bowlby, (1969) concomitant begins in infancy and lasts throughout a lifetime. A brand-newborn baby immediately needs some single to pip c atomic number 18 of and Takahashi, (1999) both believed that this primary c argiver usually the start out, is the hotshot that will closely shape the churls temperament and character within minutes of gravid birth.It is important for the new parents and baby to be alone together right after the birth to establish an attachment bond. Elliot, (2003) assets that if there are excessively many individuals in the room right after birth, the natural surgical procedure of attachment female genitalia be disrupted and this brush aside contract long-run effects on the relationship between the squirt and parents. Fathers, according Fraley, (2003) are expected also to establish a bond after the child is born. seekes erupt that take overs who have early contact with their child have a stronger bond with them in the months following the birth.Taka hashi, (1999) commends that strong attachment between acquire and child is shown through physio ratiocinative contact. Fathers have a more physical relationship with the child go the m early(a)s relationship is more verbal Takahashi, (1999). When the breed-infant actions are observed, the m separate is seen as nurturing and affectionate towards the infant, whereas father-infant interactions deal more with affiliation and childs play (Geiger, 1996). It has been shown that the fathers play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable to children than lay interactions with the stick (Geiger, 1996). Research reveals that parent-child bonds are virtually important in forming the childs personality (Allen, 1999). un stable attachment doom the child to psychopathology in later life Bowlby, (1969) assets that human beings are born with an innate psychobiological system that motivates them to seek proximity to significant others in times of need. Bowlby, (1969) asserts that inter actions with attachment accedes promote a stable sense of attachment security and build positive mental representations of ego and others.When a persons attachment figures is non reliably on tap(predicate) and supportive, proximity seeking fails to relieve distress, felt security is undermined, negative models of egotism and others are formed, and the managelihood of later emotional problems and mal alteration increases (Harris, 1998).. Problems in emotional regulation, like relationship disturbances, are pervasive markers of psychopathology and such(prenominal) problems underlie most disorders of children and grownups (Cole, 1994). Indeed, emotional disturbance much is used as a equivalent word for psychopathology.Emotional regulation is the defining tout of all close relationships and the central finish of early primary relationships (Sroufe, 1997). Anxious attachments do not cause later disorders rather they initiate path itinerarys for psychopathology. Psychopathology always is the result of the combination of peril and protective factors impacting on the individuals life over time (Schofield, 1999). Individual disturbance, in this view, begins as relationships are hypothesized to be the forerunners of many major childhood disorders and adult personality disorders as well.Relationship disturbances often precede the manifestation of individual pathology (Klaus, 1995). Moreover, relationship change has been shown to precede change and to influence the effect of other variables on psychopathology (Geiger, 1996) and this directly precede to a pathological outcome in a linear manner, yet it is certain that relationship experiences often are a crucial and waning of pathology. Research have established twain basic dimensions of parenting as risk factors for psychopathology (1) harsh handling (hostility, criticality, ejection) and (2) insufficiency of clear, firm discipline or supervision (Weiss, 1982). These factors together, and in interaction wit h other variables, are often especially predictive and at times adapted of differentiating different pathological outcomes. Countless studies supported the view that child rejection, inadequacy of support, and hostility are consistently related to slump (Klaus, 1995). Klaus, (1995) prime that paternal rejection and power assertive discipline predicted delinquent behaviour.Field, (1996) reported that aggressive treatment of children and low parental warmth predicted childhood depression (Elliot, 2003). Child revilement according to (Lynch, 1995) confirms that parental hostility and harshness is associated with consider problems, disruptive behaviours disorders, assist problems, anxiety disorders (including PTSD and mood disorders. A study put up that undercoat that 9096 of children with an observed history of childhood maltreatment showed at least one diagnosable disorder at age 17% years, compared to 3096 of the poverty control subjects who were not maltreated.Divorce, par ental disharmony, and family violence all have been consistently associated with child behavioral and emotional problems (Brendgen, 2001). Such conditions are overlapping and numerous studies have shown children of disjoint to have more problems than those in intact families (Harris, 1998). It is the case that behaviour problems often precede the divorce (Fraley, 2003) and that parental conflict is consistently tack together to be a stronger predictor of child maladjustment than marital status.Family violence has also been found to be associated with child pathology and numerous studies have documented a relation between a history of peer rejection and later maladjustment, both externalizing and inner(a)izing problems (Pickover, 2002). Research has confirmed that infants with histories of secure attachment with their primary caregivers later are characterized by more effective self-regulation (Sroufe, 1997). Moreover, those with different kinds of anxious attachment histories beh ave in distinctive ways are unable to sustain interactions with peers, are disoriented from other children and/or how antipathy for them (Trowell, 1982). Those with anxious attachment histories have problems of one kind or another. Anxiety disorders are associated with histories of anxious attachment (Seiffge-Krenke, 1993) Aggression, and conduct disturbances have been found to be related to anxious/avoidant attachment twain resistant and avoidant attachment appear to be related to depression various aspects of emotional and cognitive experience (Klaus, 1995).When dealing with parental loss, one logical tie-in with psychoanalytic theory is disruption of parent-child bonds or dysfunctional relationships would lead to future impairments in the individuals capacity to develop relationships (Takahashi, 1999). Insecure attachment systems have been linked to psychiatric disorders, to which a child is especially susceptible after the loss of an attachment figure (Fraley, 2003).Children with insecure attachment patterns develop the unfitness to form secure attachments and react in a hostile, rejecting manner with their surround (Field, 1996). Severe attachment disorders cause the child to get close to an attachment figure, and then pull away before they can be rejected or they deem themselves unworthy in the eyes of the attachment figure (Field, 1996). Children with secure attachment patterns are capable of forming new attachment relationships small-arm maintaining their current relationship with their parents (Weiss, 1982).Insecure children focus all of the attention on achieving a better relationship with their parents, therefore making it difficult to form new attachment relationships (Weiss, 1982). According to attachment theory, interactions with inconsistent, unreliable, or insensitive attachment figures substitute with the development of a secure, stable mental foundation reduce resiliency in coping with severe life events and predispose a person to bre ak down psychologically in times of crisis (Geiger, 1996). adhesiveness insecurity can therefore be viewed as a general vulnerability to mental disorders, with the particular symptomatology depending on genetic, developmental, and environmental factors (Elliot, 2003). Brendgen, (2001) reviewed hundreds of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective studies of both clinical and non-clinical samples and found that attachment insecurity was common among people with a broad material body of mental disorders, ranging from mild distress to severe personality disorders and even schizophrenia.Consistently results reveal that attachment insecurities of both the anxious and avoidant varieties are associated with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Brendgen, 2001). Attachment insecurity is also a key feature of many personality disorders however the specific kind of attachment insecurity differs across disorders ( Trowell, 1982). Anxious attachment is associated with dependent, histrionic, and borderline disorders, whereas avoidant attachment is associated with schizoid and avoidant disorders (Trowell, 1982).Seiffge-Krenke, (1993) found that attachment anxiety is associated with emotional dysregulation a component of personality disorders, which includes personal identity confusion, anxiety, emotional liability, cognitive distortions, submissiveness, oppositionality, self-harm, narcissism, and suspiciousness. Seiffge-Krenke, (1993) also found that avoidant attachment is associated with inhibitedness component of personality problems, including restricted expression of emotions, problems with intimacy, and loving avoidance.Another related issue concerning the associations between attachment insecurities and psychopathology is the extent to which attachment insecurities are a competent cause of mental disorders, such separation anxiety and pathological grief, in which attachment injuries are the main causes and themes, attachment insecurities are unlikely to be sufficient causes of mental disorders. Other factors e. g. genetically determined temperament intelligence life history and abuse converge to amplify the effects of attachment experiences on the way to psychopathology (Field, 1996).Many studies of hulking community samples have found no association between avoidant attachment and self-report measures of global distress, however, studies that focus on exceedingly stressful events, such as exposure to missile attacks, living in a dangerous neighborhood, or giving birth to a injure infant, have indicated that avoidance is related to greater distress and poorer long-term adjustment (Allen, 1999). It has been noted that the association between attachment insecurity and depression is high among adults with a childhood history of physical, psychological, or sexual abuse.People exposed to stressful life events poverty, physical health problems, and involvement in tu rbulent romanticistic relationships during adolescence also strengthen the link between attachment insecurity and psychopathology (Harris, 1998). Attachment insecurities seem to contri exactlye nonspecifically too many kinds of psychopathology (Trowell, 1982) however particular forms of attachment insecurity seem to predispose a person to particular configurations of mental disorders.The attachment-psychopathology link is moderated by a large array of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, and mental disorders and may erode a persons sense of attachment security. If attachment insecurities are risk factors for psychopathology, then the creation, maintenance, or restoration of a sense of attachment security should increase resilience and improve mental health. According to attachment theory, interactions with available and supportive attachment figures impart a sense of safety, trigger positive emotions and provide psychological resources for dealing with problems an d adversities (Trowell, 1982).Takahashi, (1999) believed that parents should not be totally held responsible for the way their child develops. They should be held responsible to a point, because after all, they did give them their genes and they do have some influence. Children rely more on their social group in the shaping of their personality and development of psychopathology Also, Field (1996) argue that the mother is not always the primary attachment figure, so it cannot be mistaken that she always will be.The causal links between attachment and psychopathology are also complicated and explore findings show that psychological problems can increase attachment insecurity (Pickover, 2002). There is also preliminary tell apart that a sense of security provided by a psychotherapist improves a clients mental health. Pickover, (2002) found that a clients positive appraisals of his or her therapists predisposition and supportiveness predicted relief from depression and maintenance of therapeutic benefits.According to attachment theory and research, lack of parental sensitivity and responsiveness contributes to disorders of the self, characterized by lack of self-cohesion, doubts about ones internal coherence and continuity over time, unstable self-esteem, and over-dependence on other peoples approval (Allen, 1999). Insecure people are likely to be overly self-critical, plagued by self-doubts, or prone to using defenses, such as destructive perfectionism, to counter feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness (Allen, 1999). According to attachment heory, repeated failures to obtain support from attachment figure interfere with acquisition of social skills and create serious problems in interpersonal relations (Field, 1996). Fraley, (2003) using an estimation device Inventory of Interpersonal Problems found that attachment anxiety was associated with more interpersonal problems in general and avoidant people generally had problems with nurturance and anxious pe ople had problems with emotionality. According to Harris (1998) parents do not shape their childs personality or character.A childs peers have more influence on them than their parents e. g take children whose parents were immigrants, a child can continue to speak their parents native language at home, but can also learn their new language and speak it without an accent, while the parents accent remains. Children learn these things from their peers because they motivation to fit in (Harris, 1998). If a child is brought up in a crime-ridden area, they will be predisposed to committing these equal kinds of crimes (Klaus, 1995) because of the high rate of peer pressure and because they want to fit in to the group.Even if the parents try to bring up their children the best way possible, chances are that if they associate with delinquents, they will become ones, but if you take a child headed down the wrong path and move him to new environment, chances are he will get himself on the ri ght track, because he is trying to fit in with a new peer group (Harris, 1998). Children will not use everything that they learned from their parents. In some social settings, these lessons may not be correct or embarrassing to use.Children learn how to behave, for the most part, from other people in their social group. Adults do the same they act more like people in their social groups rather than their parents. Children from the same parents reared in the same home are no more too than if they were raised in separate homes. Even if parents try to raise two children the same way, they will still behave differently from each other (Harris, 1998). The model attachment is based on behaviors that occur during momentary separations (stressful views) rather than during no stressful situations (Elliot, 2003).A broader understanding of attachment requires observation of how the mother and infant interact and what they provide for each other during natural, no stressful situations (Field, 1996). How children and mothers interact together and not stressed shows more of how the attachment model kit and caboodle than how the child acts when the mother leaves and then returns. Behaviours directed towards the attachment figure during departing and reunification times cannot be the only factor used when defining attachment (Elliot, 2003).Another problem with the attachment model is that the list of attachment behaviours are press to those that occur with the primary attachment figure, other attachments are not unavoidably characterized by those same behaviours (Field, 1996). Children have attachments to other people other than their mothers, but they do not show this attachment the same way (Geiger, 1996). The mother is viewed as the primary attachment figure, when in fact a father or sibling can have the same type of attachment with the infant at the same time.This relates to adults having more than one principal attachment, such as to their spouse and child (Trowell, 1982). Attachment insecurities are associated with a wide variety of mental disorders, ranging from mild negative affectivity to severe, disorganizing, and paralyzing personality disorders. Evidence suggests that insecure attachment orientations are fairly general pathogenic states. Although many of the research findings supporting these ideas are co-relational, several studies show a prospective connection between attachments References Allen, J. (1999). Attachment in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P.Shaver (Eds. ), Handbook of attachment (pp. 319-335). vernal York Guilford. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss Attachment (Vol. 1). New York Basic. Brendgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents friendships Associations with mothers interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. diary of Adolescence, 24, 429-445. Elliot, A. J. (2003). Attachment and exploration in adulthood. ledger of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 317-331. Fiel d, T. (1996). Attachment and separation in young children. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 541-562. Fraley, R. C. (2003).Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? 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