Bio 101

2007 FR
Cephalization and the development of a brain were important steps in animal phylogenesis.
a) Discuss the evolutionary origin and adaptive signifi assce of cephalization in animal phyla.
b) Describe the development of the nervous musical arrangements in the vertebrate embryo.
c) At the sound of shattering glass, people quick turn their heads. Discuss hoe the human nervous scheme functions to produce this type of rejoinder to an external stimulus.

2007B
The defence mechanisms of the human ashes to the entry and establishment of a pathogen (disease-causing organism) can be shared out into nonspecific responses and specific responses.
a) beg off how THREE types of nonspecific defenses can prevent the entry and/or establishment of a pathogen in a persons body.
b) Discuss how the immune system responds to an initial pathogenic exposure, and how this initial exposure can die hard to a quicker response following a scrap exposure to the same pathogen.
c) explicate the biological mechanisms that lead to the rejection of transplanted organs.

2006 FR
The evolution of circulatory systems allowed larger and more-complex animals to arise.
a) Describe the respiratory and digestive systems specialise structures that facilitate the movement of oxygen and glucose into the circulatory system of mammals.




b) Explain how oxygen and glucose are transported within the circulatory system of mammals.
c) Explain the transfer of oxygen and glucose from the blood and into the active cells of mammals.

2005FR
An important defense against diseases in vertebrate animals is the ability to eliminate, inactivate, or destroy orthogonal substances and organisms. Explain how the immune system achieves THREE of the following:
Provides an contiguous nonspecific immune response
Activates T and B cells in response to an infection
Responds to a later exposure to the same infectious agent
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